Executive Summary: In addition to the many challenges facing Iraq now, desertification is yet another formidable challenge that needs immediate attention. The seemingly unstoppable desert expansion is creeping up and taking over the fertile lands in Iraq in unprecedented speed! It is manifested in a dramatic shrinking of green cover and the losses of millions of trees an
Read More
Key Findings Context, Shocks/Events and Impact of the Crisis As Iraq enters 2022, the humanitarian context is paradoxical and evolving. Many gains and positive developments continue to gain strength, slowly bringing millions previously affected by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and related counter-military operations back towards parity with other Iraqis. Ye
Read More
The public sector in Iraq accounts for the majority of employment in the oil-rich country. Plummeting oil prices and the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in economic crisis and an ever increasing budget deficit. Where there is crisis however, there is opportunity: will 2021 bring a much needed reform of the public sector in Iraq? When the Iraq anti-government protests erupted
Read More
Decades of war, poverty, and fossil fuel extraction have devastated the country’s environment and its people. Top: Kamila Rashid says an oil refinery now sits on what used to be her family’s land. All photos by LYNZY BILLING for UNDARK IT’S 6 P.M. and the pink-tinged skies turn black above Agolan, a village on the outskirts of Erbil in the Kurdistan region of norther
Read More
Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, July 1979 Supervisor: Professor Edith Penrose Download PDF SOAS thesis
Read More