If one looks back on the U.S.-led military intervention in Afghanistan in 2001, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the U.S. can claim many tactical successes in fighting terrorism and violent opposition movements. It also “won” one of its wars. While the U.S. was ultimately defeated in Afghanistan, it did win a kind of victory in its two wars in Iraq: first against hardline Sunn
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Iraqi Prime Minister Muhammad Shia’ Al-Sudani has paid his first official visit to Turkey since taking office last October, holding important talks with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan. The Mar. 21-22 trip to Ankara saw focus on boosting economic cooperation, including a push to advance a new major transit project. But no permanent solution on issues such as transboundary waters
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This paper attempts to analyse the reasons that paved the way for the US administration to take the decision of direct military intervention and change the political regime in Iraq in 2003 and not in 1991, focusing on changing economic interest of the USA in the region which influenced that decision. There is near consensus among Iraqi political analysts that the American in
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As a result, Washington policymakers barreled in 20 years ago with no real awareness of what would happen. As we approach the 20th anniversary of the Iraq invasion, we should reflect on what lessons the United States may have gleaned from the experience and whether such lessons will deter any future military operations to effect regime change. By all accounts, the invasio
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Authors: Andrés Arauz, Rami Kiwan, Nihal El Aasar, Mohamed El Dahshan, Barik Schuber In 2021, the IMF issued and distributed $650bn worth of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explores the unique characteristics of SDRs and provides an overview of the role of SDRs in the MENA region. Using four countries as case studies (Egypt, Iraq, Leban
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