Majd Zaghir As highlighted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Iraq ranks as the fifth most vulnerable country to climate change, with factors such as decreased water and food availability, extreme temperatures, and intensified droughts affecting its ecosystems and farmers. These changes in climate patterns have significant consequences for agriculture produc
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Introduction After multiple cycles of conflict in the past decades, the most recent involving the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), Iraq remains characterized by protracted displacement, fragmented access to basic services, livelihoods, and protection, as well as a fragile political and security environment. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic, next to d
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Context The violence and destruction caused by the group known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), as well as the military operations against them, have caused the displacement of nearly 6 million people since 2014. As of March 2022, 1.18 million people remain displaced throughout 18 governorates of Iraq, of which 180,000 are living in 26 formal camps establi
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Key Findings Context, Shocks/Events and Impact of the Crisis As Iraq enters 2022, the humanitarian context is paradoxical and evolving. Many gains and positive developments continue to gain strength, slowly bringing millions previously affected by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and related counter-military operations back towards parity with other Iraqis. Ye
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Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, July 1979 Supervisor: Professor Edith Penrose Download PDF SOAS thesis
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