There is a big debate among economists, why are the resource-rich economies growing slower than resource-poor economies? Which is making this puzzle more difficult, there are two groups of resources-rich abundance countries one group grow more than other ones. For instance, the Arabic Gulf, Nigeria, and Venezuela are growing slower than Botswanan, Norway, and Australia, but bo
Read More
Autor: Ranajoy Ray Chaudhuri Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the support of many. I owe a significant debt to Paul Evans for fostering my interest in banking, central banks and monetary policy. Conversations with Jason Seligman at The Ohio State University and Joseph Kaboski at the University of Notre Dame were instrumental in shaping the bo
Read More
The global target for climate warming has been set, this paper briefly discusses what caused global warming, gives samples of its major impacts, and how the world’s nations are dealing with them. The year 2019, is the year I became interested in environmental problems, and it is the year when COVID-19 broke out. For a moment, I thought the two problems were alike; they were
Read More
Europe may fear an energy crisis over the coming winter, but for Iraqis an unstable power supply and frequent blackouts have been a reality during decades of war and turmoil. The Middle Eastern country is rich in oil, but endemic corruption and devastating conflict have taken a heavy toll on its infrastructure and forced most of its 42 million people to adapt. The noise o
Read More
Petroleum and other liquids Iraq’s crude oil production (excluding condensates) averaged 4.1 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2020 and 2021, which was 600,000 b/d lower than in 2019 (Figure 2). More than 3.6 million b/d was produced under the central government in Baghdad, and about 445,000 b/d was produced at the northern fields currently operated by the KRG.15 Iraq created a
Read More